Writing & Research

Technology, ethics,
& the human stakes

Exploring how AI systems shape communities, why algorithmic fairness matters, and what it means to build technology that serves humanity rather than extracts from it.

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I spent most of my time writing in college

I would be remiss to have them never see the light of day — so here are some of my favorites.

Honors Thesis · Philosophy & Data Science
World Models
NYU · Advisor: Ned Block

LLMs struggle with complex reasoning and conveying uncertainty. This thesis examines world models as a solution — comparing LeCun's empiricist JEPA with Tenenbaum's nativist probabilistic language of thought.

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Philosophy · Ethics of AI
Does Surveillance Capitalism Diminish Autonomy? A Case Study Using Cambridge Analytica
How surveillance capitalism diminishes autonomy through unknowing manipulation

Cambridge Analytica harvested 87 million users' data to build 253 predictive algorithms, targeting 'persuadables' with fear-based ads. A case study in how behavioral surplus turns citizens into pawns.

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Philosophy · Ethics of AI
Do AI Systems Wrongfully Discriminate?
On algorithmic hiring, demeaning treatment, and structural subordination

Drawing on Hellman, Moreau, and Anderson to evaluate why certain forms of algorithmic sorting in hiring are not just discriminatory — but unjust.

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Philosophy · Existentialism
Can One Imagine Beth Harmon Happy? A Camusian Reading of the Queen's Gambit
On the Queen's Gambit, the absurd, and why the last scene changes everything

Beth Harmon spent her life using chess as a means to an end — until the final scene, where she plays for no reason at all. A reading of the Queen's Gambit through Camus's revolt against meaninglessness.

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Philosophy of Science · AI
Are Artificial Neural Networks Revolutionary Under Kuhn's Framework?
Are artificial neural networks actually revolutionary? Kuhn would say not so fast.

Everyone calls neural networks revolutionary. But applying Kuhn's framework to cognitive science reveals that connectionism hasn't replaced classical computationalism — the paradigm shift is still pending.

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Philosophy of Science · Data Science
Does Popper's Falsification Survive in Modern Data Science?
How hypothesis testing diverges from Popper's falsification

Data science falsifies the null to corroborate the alternative. Popper would never. An investigation into whether modern hypothesis testing survives Popper's methodology.

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Philosophy · Political Philosophy
Does the General Will Make Us Free? Rousseau on Sovereignty and Moral Freedom
Rousseau's argument for sovereignty and the circularity problem underneath

Rousseau says you need the general will to be free, but you need freedom to form the general will. A reconstruction of his argument — and the dilemma at its foundation.

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Philosophy · Political Philosophy
Are Wage Workers Free? Cohen on Collective Unfreedom and the Limits of Capitalism
Cohen's key analogy, collective unfreedom, and why Anita can't grab the key

Cohen says wage workers are individually free but collectively unfree. His key analogy is elegant — but it rests on the fickle assumption that most people in the room don't want to leave.

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Philosophy · Feminist Theory
Who Gets to Be a Woman? Haslanger and Jenkins on the Ameliorative Concept of Gender
Haslanger's subordination account, Jenkins's internal map, and trans exclusion

If gender is defined by subordination, trans women who aren't perceived as women are excluded from the category entirely. Jenkins proposes that self-identification and class must work together.

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Philosophy · Metaphysics
Is Race a Social Kind? Haslanger's Constructionist Account
Sally Haslanger's social constructionist account of race

Race works like a recipe: pick a phenotypic trait, assign it to a group, attach negative characteristics, subordinate. The folk concept is more useful for justice than any genetic cluster.

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Philosophy · Ethics
Is Aristotle's Ethical Theory a Plausible Ethical Theory?
Why Aristotle's virtuous agent can never truly act for another's sake alone

Can an ethical theory demand sacrifice without motivation? Aristotle says the excellent person will die for their friends — but only because it achieves the fine. Every act circles back to the self.

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Philosophy · Argument Reconstruction
A Logical Reconstruction of What Justice Is
Premises, conclusions, and Socrates vs. Thrasymachus on justice

Fourteen premises, one conclusion: rulers cannot seek their own advantage. A formal reconstruction of the Republic, Book 1 — turning Plato's dialogue into deductive logic.

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Commentary · Law & Politics
Dark Money's Hand in the Supreme Court
How billion-dollar donations to conservative think tanks stacked the Court

A $1.6 billion donation to the Federalist Society. Justices groomed since law school. An originalist majority that overturned Roe, gutted the EPA, and replaced longstanding legal tests — all traceable to the same dark money pipeline.

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Academic Publications

Research conducted at NYU's Center for Data Science and Information Law Institute, under the supervision of Umang Bhatt and Katherine Strandburg.

Research Paper
Unequal Uncertainty: Rethinking Algorithmic Interventions for Mitigating Discrimination from AI
Holli Sargeant, Mackenzie Jorgensen, Arina Shah, Adrian Weller, Umang Bhatt

A legally informed analysis examining risks of discrimination associated with selective abstention in AI-assisted decision-making. Proposes a framework integrating AI assistance with selective frictions to mitigate risks and enhance fairness.

Conference Paper · AIES 2025
Documenting Deployment with FABRIC: A Repository of Real-World AI Governance
Mackenzie Jorgensen, Kendall Brogle, Katherine Collins, … Arina Shah, … Umang Bhatt

Contributed to a public repository of real-world AI deployments and oversight patterns, based on interviews with practitioners.

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Work in Progress
Prompting Large Language Models to Verbalize their Uncertainty with RAG
NYU Center for Data Science

Investigating how Retrieval Augmented Generation can modulate the expression of uncertainty in LLM outputs.

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Books That Shaped My Thinking

I have so many more favorites (Fahrenheit 451, The Book Thief, Tomorrow, and Tomorrow, and Tomorrow, Anna Karenina) but if I had to pick 10, these are the ones I would wholeheartedly recommend — and the ones that brought me out of some pretty bad reading slumps.

Read why I love these
01
The Namesake
Jhumpa Lahiri
The first book that put the emotions behind cultural clashes into words.
The experience of reading this book felt like slicing through butter. The words, the plot, the movement through Gogol's life felt seamless yet impactful. I'm the daughter of immigrants, but it wasn't until high school after joining the golf team that I felt significant cultural clashes. I had what my family notoriously called my "brown friends" and "white friends," where I apparently code-switched more than I knew. It wasn't anything negative — I love my friends and they are still the people closest to me today — but I did feel like I was swapping identities at times. The Namesake was the first book that put the emotions behind cultural clashes into words.
02
Educated
Tara Westover
A reminder of what a privilege it is to have an education.
I read this right after I graduated college and was grappling with the importance of education. I felt a bit defeated that this shiny degree I had earned had so little value in a job force that was choosing LLMs and agents over real graduates. With the echo chamber of Instagram also telling me that education was pointless, I began to believe it — until I read this book and realized what a privilege it is to have an education.
03
Empire of AI
Karen Hao
Who gets to govern AI? This book asks the question that won't leave me alone.
I just want to start off by saying that Karen Hao is incredible. This book is extremely well researched and very clearly outlines the stakes of the rapid development of AI. This book is what got me to start posting about tech-related content on Instagram in order to hopefully stir up some conversations about what rapid development means and make the concepts and consequences more accessible to people outside of the tech world. This book asks an important question: who gets to govern AI? It made me think deeply about the race to "AGI" — Sam Altman said that AGI will save humanity, but in trying to achieve it, will it destroy it too?
04
The Kite Runner
Khaled Hosseini
The first book that made me realize what reading really does — it lets you peek into a world that isn't yours and empathize with it.
This is a classic. I admittedly read this way too young, in 7th grade, and was extremely traumatized. Then I re-read it in high school and then in college. Each time I read it I feel like I grew up a little — I thought I had stopped mentally maturing at 15, but when I re-read this book in college I definitely realized I had. The themes of friendship and betrayal hit differently each time. I always viewed Amir as evil, but when I read it in college I felt sympathy; it's not easy doing the right thing, especially when you're scared. This was one of the first books that made me realize what reading really does — it lets you peek into a world that isn't yours and empathize with it.
05
Empire of Pain
Patrick Radden Keefe
A psychological thriller that happens to be real.
This was the first investigative journalism book I read and I could not stop talking about it for years — I think I was insufferable to my friends. The Sacklers, and not only the empire they built but the lies they produced in order to build a billion-dollar empire, astonished me. From building a fake pain association, to doing inside deals with the FDA, to causing a full-blown opioid crisis — it will always be shocking. The way this story is narrated and written feels like a psychological thriller that happens to be real. It was also really terrifying to see someone who was a physician, who took the oath of helping people, turn into a monster in the pursuit of billions.
06
The Bell Jar
Sylvia Plath
If you are a twenty-something girl, I would highly recommend the read.
I read this when I was a junior in college. I had just begun my glamorous New York lifestyle. Unlike freshman and sophomore year when I was a quiet nerd, I decided I wanted to experience the Gossip Girl version of New York. I started having glamorous nights out, but definitely not without a cost. I was also trying to figure out what I wanted to do with my life — go to law school? Finance? Consulting? PhD in philosophy? I felt connected to Sylvia because of the societal pressure she faced. Although different from mine, I understood the weight of expectations: everyone saying you have potential but the possibility of never living up to it. If you are a twenty-something girl, I would highly recommend the read.
07
A Psalm for the Wild-Built
Becky Chambers
My comfort read. You can finish it before your coffee gets cold.
I gave this to my best friends in college when we graduated. It's about a world post-AI where intelligent robots are sent off into the wilderness and separated from the human population. A monk from the town ventures out and becomes friends with one of the robots. It's an optimistic science fiction book (I know, never heard of) that you can honestly finish before your coffee gets cold. Every time I read it I feel content and light, like things aren't that serious, you can still have whimsy, and new relationships are worth exploring. It's definitely my comfort read.
08
And Then There Were None
Agatha Christie
The best kind of read is the kind that keeps you up until 3 a.m.
This is a classic — one of the first real mysteries I read after Geronimo Stilton. Mystery is definitely my favorite genre and I owe it all to Agatha Christie. If you are in a reading slump I highly recommend reading anything written by her; it will keep you up until 3 a.m., which I think is the best kind of read. I honestly really like how interactive it is, like trying to figure out who did it but always saying, well no, it can't be that obvious. I always got it wrong and was usually shocked by the ending. I also really love the ensemble of characters and how they interact with each other — you get so many different backstories and I find that so intriguing.
09
The Age of Surveillance Capitalism
Shoshana Zuboff
The book that sparked my interest in the negatives that can arise from technology.
This was the book that sparked my interest in some of the negatives that can arise from technology. I read this my sophomore year of college when ChatGPT launched, and it inspired several of my philosophy papers on autonomy, privacy, and data as a resource with comparative value to that of water. The Pokémon Go case study has also stuck with me for years.
10
The Rose Code
Kate Quinn
The countless women who had to keep their stories about working in British intelligence a secret.
I am a huge fan of Kate Quinn and have read many of her other books that focus on women in World War I or World War II. Another one of my favorites is The Briar Club. This one focuses on three different women who worked at Bletchley Park: one was a German translator, another operated the machines to decrypt Enigma codes, and another was a codebreaker. I learned so much about the roles that women played during World War II, about the probably countless women who had to keep their stories about working in British intelligence a secret, and the trauma that followed them from this work.

Arina Shah

In pursuing two, in my opinion, polar opposite degrees — Philosophy and Data Science — while simultaneously building products and reporting on recent developments in AI, I've come to realize these fields are far less disparate than they appear, and that the most pressing questions in AI demand interdisciplinary effort. I'm interested in how we can innovate responsibly, building trustworthy AI systems that emphasize human-machine collaboration rather than replacement.

My research sits at the intersection of AI and the law. I started by examining GDPR compliance and explainability mechanisms — what ought to be legally required when AI systems make decisions about people, from Medicare determinations to hiring. More recently, I co-authored two papers: one assessing interventions for making AI systems more equitable and proposing a new framework, and another documenting the governance mechanisms that AI enterprises actually use in practice. My honors thesis in philosophy, advised by Ned Block, examined world models as an alternative architecture for AI reasoning.

That same interest in collaboration led me to co-found Fruition. After building a research marketplace to help universities streamline finding relevant research opportunities and make it easier for faculty to sift through applications, I noticed a broader pattern: students wanted to innovate and explore, but not in isolation. That's why we built Fruition — a platform that connects young founders with the right teammates. It also reflects my belief in human-machine collaboration. Matches aren't solely curated by algorithms; we use our own touch working alongside the system to produce the best pairings for our innovators, exploring the psychology of what makes people work well together and allowing them to connect quickly.

Outside of my academic pursuits, I volunteer with Northwest CASA for sexual assault prevention, play golf, box, and dance Kathak. All things considered, I'm a 22-year-old trying to make sense of a world that's changing faster than most of us can keep up with, and doing my best to make sure the people building what comes next are building it thoughtfully. If you're interested in joining Fruition or chatting about any of this, I'm always open to doing that over an oat milk latte 🎀

Education

New York University
B.A. Philosophy & Data Science

Research

NYU Center for Data Science
Information Law Institute

Focus Areas

AI & Technology Law · Algorithmic Fairness
AI Governance · Digital Safety

Connect

LinkedIn · Instagram · Email

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Beth Harmon, the protagonist of "Queen's Gambit," is a fictional chess prodigy who rises to fame by winning the Soviet Chess Championship against the world's leading player, Vasily Borgov. Beth's early life is marked by trauma; she becomes an orphan at nine following her mother's fatal car crash. At the Methuen orphanage, she discovers chess through the janitor, Mr. Shaibel, and becomes addicted to both the game and the tranquilizers given to the children. Beth is then adopted by the Wheatleys. While attending public school, she finds herself a pariah, with her drab clothing and unconventional personality. Beth begins competing in tournaments. Her chess prowess earns her both money and recognition, fueling a burgeoning career that leads her across the country. Despite external success, Beth battles inner demons, continuing to indulge in tranquilizers, alcohol, and smoking. Beth's challenges peak during an international tournament where, after her adoptive mother's sudden death and losing a game against Borgov, she spirals deeper into addiction. In the series finale, Beth decides to travel to Russia for a rematch against Borgov. Victorious, Beth chooses not to pursue the celebrity lifestyle expected of her but instead to play chess in the park with elderly strangers. I will show that Beth Harmon lives a good life according to Camus by assuming that in the last scene, she realizes the absurd and embraces it, thus revolting against the meaninglessness of life.

Albert Camus believes that a good life is one that embraces the absurd…

In Plato's Republic book 1, Socrates and Thrasymachus enter a heated debate regarding what justice is…

Hiring discrimination has long been recognized as a moral and legal wrong…

In this paper, I will argue that surveillance capitalism diminishes autonomy…

Thomas Kuhn proposes what constitutes a scientific revolution…

This paper explores whether Karl Popper's methodology of testing theories survives…

Determining what race is metaphysically has been a controversial debate…

The ongoing debate about what exactly constitutes gender has been circulating for years…

The following argument concludes that Aristotle's ethical theory is not a plausible ethical theory…

In this paper I will outline Rousseau's argument that a group of people is a sovereign…

Cohen argues that wage laborers are collectively unfree but individually free…

A new regime of radical right-wing political ideology has begun to spread…